Biography: George Mitchell
Presidential Medal of Freedom

George Mitchell was born in Waterville, Maine. His mother had come to the United States from Lebanon at age 18, his father was the orphaned son of Irish immigrants. Both parents lacked education, and struggled to support their family, but they emphasized the importance of education for all their children. George Mitchell received an undergraduate degree from Bowdoin College in 1954 and served in Berlin, Germany as an officer in the U.S. Army Counter-Intelligence Corps until 1956. He received his law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1960.

From 1960 to 1962 George Mitchell served as a trial lawyer in the Justice Department in Washington, D.C. From 1962 to 1965 he was Executive Assistant to Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine. In 1965 George Mitchell returned to Maine to practice law until 1977. He served as Deputy Campaign Manager for Senator Muskie's vice presidential campaign in 1968, and for his presidential campaign in 1972. In 1977 Mitchell was appointed U.S. Attorney for Maine, a position he held until 1979, when he became U.S. District Judge for Maine.

George Mitchell was appointed to the United States Senate in 1980, to complete the unexpired term of Senator Edmund S. Muskie, who had resigned to become Secretary of State. Mitchell was elected to a full term in the Senate in 1982. In 1986 he chaired the Democratic Senate Campaign Committee, and was instrumental in his party's regaining the majority in the Senate. Mitchell himself was reelected in 1988 with 81 percent of the vote, the largest margin in the history of the state of Maine. At the opening of the next session, he was elected Senate Majority Leader, the second most powerful elected official in the United States, a position he held for the next six years.

In the Senate, he was closely associated with free trade and environmental legislation, and with aid to housing and education. He led the successful 1990 reauthorization of the Clean Air Act, including new controls on acid rain toxins. He was the author of the first national oil spill prevention and clean-up law. Mitchell led the Senate to passage of the nation's first child care bill and was principal author of the low income housing tax credit program. He was instrumental in the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, landmark legislation extending civil rights protections to the disabled. Mitchell's efforts led to the passage of a higher education bill that expanded opportunities for millions of Americans. Senator Mitchell was also a leader in opening markets to trade and led the Senate to ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement and creation of the World Trade Organization.

For six consecutive years he was voted "the most respected member" of the Senate by a bipartisan group of senior congressional aides. In 1994 George Mitchell declined an appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States in order to remain in the Senate and pursue the struggle for universal national health care.

After finishing his last Senate term in 1995, George Mitchell answered the request of the British and Irish Governments to serve as Chairman of the International Commission on Disarmament in Northern Ireland, and as Chairman of the subsequent peace negotiations, culminating in the historic Good Friday agreement. In an island-wide referendum, the agreement was approved by voters on both sides of the border between the Republic of Ireland and the British-controlled North. After this success in Ireland, President Clinton, Prime Minister Barak of Israel and Chairman Arafat of the Palestinian Authority asked Senator Mitchell to chair an International Fact Finding Committee on the crisis between the Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

Senator Mitchell is the author of four books. With his colleague, Senator Bill Cohen of Maine, he wrote Men of Zeal, describing the Iran-Contra investigation. In 1990, Senator Mitchell wrote, World on Fire, describing the threat of global warming and recommending steps to curb it. His next book, published in 1997, was Not For America Alone: The Triumph of Democracy and the Fall of Communism. In 1999, Senator Mitchell wrote Making Peace, an account of his experience in Northern Ireland.

Senator Mitchell serves as the Chancellor of The Queen's University of Belfast and as President of The Economic Club of Washington. He has also served as Chairman of the International Crisis Group, a non-profit organization dedicated to the prevention of crises in international affairs, as Chairman of the Special Commission investigating allegations of impropriety in the bidding process for the Olympic games, and as Chairman of the National Health Care Commission.

In the business world, he has served as a director of the Walt Disney Company, Federal Express Corporation, Xerox Corporation, Unilever, Staples, Inc., Starwood Hotels and Resorts and the Boston Red Sox baseball team. In March 2004, he was selected to serve as Chairman of the Board of the Walt Disney Company. In 2006, he was asked by the Commissioner of Baseball to lead an investigation of the use of performance-enhancing drugs in professional baseball. In addition to the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Senator Mitchell has received awards and honors including the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, the Truman Institute Peace Prize, the German Peace Prize and the United Nations (UNESCO) Peace Prize.

In the last days of 2008, while the United States made the transition from one presidential administration to another, the simmering conflict between Israel and the Palestinian faction Hamas boiled over. In response to rocket fire from Hamas-controlled Gaza, Israel launched a full-scale invasion of the territory, and the world looked on with horror as civilian casualties mounted. On the eve of President Barack Obama's inauguration, Israel and Hamas declared an uneasy truce, and the new President made a priority of renewing American peacemaking efforts in the region. On his second day in office, President Obama called on George Mitchell to serve as his Special Envoy to the Middle East. Once again, the world looked to George Mitchell to bring lasting peace to a region tormented by seemingly hopeless violence. For two years, Mitchell labored to bring Israel and the Palestinians to the negotiating table. Although the conflict remained unresolved, when George Mitchell returned to private life in 2011, no informed observer could fault George Mitchell for the continuation of this intractable conflict.